Symbol Reference

The following tables include character references for use in web pages. The content is taken from the official HTML entity reference.

Note: Depending on your browser, and the fonts you have installed, some characters may not appear.

Using Symbols
ISO 8859-1 Characters
Mathematical Symbols, and Greek Letters
Markup-significant and Internationalisation Characters

Using Symbols

Symbols may be included into a web page using either the name or numeric reference. For example, the copy symbol, ©, can be included in a page as follows:

<html>
This is a &copy; symbol<br>
So is this &#169;
</html>

This is a © symbol
So is this ©

ISO 8859-1 Characters

nbsp no-break space, non-breaking space

iexcl ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation mark

cent ¢ ¢ cent sign

pound £ £ pound sign

curren ¤ ¤ currency sign

yen ¥ ¥ yen sign = yuan sign

brvbar ¦ ¦ broken bar = broken vertical bar

sect § § section sign

uml ¨ ¨ diaeresis = spacing diaeresis

copy © © copyright sign

ordf ª ª feminine ordinal indicator

laquo « « left-pointing double angle quotation mark

not ¬ ¬ not sign

shy soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen

reg ® ® registered sign = registered trade mark sign

macr ¯ ¯ macron = spacing macron = overline

deg ° ° degree sign

plusmn ± ± plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign

sup2 ² ² superscript two = superscript digit two

sup3 ³ ³ superscript three = superscript digit three

acute ´ ´ acute accent = spacing acute

micro µ µ micro sign

para ¶ ¶ pilcrow sign = paragraph sign

middot · · middle dot = Georgian comma

cedil ¸ ¸ cedilla = spacing cedilla

sup1 ¹ ¹ superscript one = superscript digit one

ordm º º masculine ordinal indicator

raquo » » right-pointing double angle quotation mark

frac14 ¼ ¼ vulgar fraction one quarter

frac12 ½ ½ vulgar fraction one half

frac34 ¾ ¾ vulgar fraction three quarters

iquest ¿ ¿ inverted question mark

Agrave À À Latin capital letter A with grave

Aacute Á Á Latin capital letter A with acute

Acirc Â Â Latin capital letter A with circumflex

Atilde Ã Ã Latin capital letter A with tilde

Auml Ä Ä Latin capital letter A with diaeresis

Aring Å Å Latin capital letter A with ring above

AElig Æ Æ Latin capital letter AE

Ccedil Ç Ç Latin capital letter C with cedilla

Egrave È È Latin capital letter E with grave

Eacute É É Latin capital letter E with acute

Ecirc Ê Ê Latin capital letter E with circumflex

Euml Ë Ë Latin capital letter E with diaeresis

Igrave Ì Ì Latin capital letter I with grave

Iacute Í Í Latin capital letter I with acute

Icirc Î Î Latin capital letter I with circumflex

Iuml Ï Ï Latin capital letter I with diaeresis

ETH Ð Ð Latin capital letter ETH

Ntilde Ñ Ñ Latin capital letter N with tilde

Ograve Ò Ò Latin capital letter O with grave

Oacute Ó Ó Latin capital letter O with acute

Ocirc Ô Ô Latin capital letter O with circumflex

Otilde Õ Õ Latin capital letter O with tilde

Ouml Ö Ö Latin capital letter O with diaeresis

times × × multiplication sign

Oslash Ø Ø Latin capital letter O with stroke

Ugrave Ù Ù Latin capital letter U with grave

Uacute Ú Ú Latin capital letter U with acute

Ucirc Û Û Latin capital letter U with circumflex

Uuml Ü Ü Latin capital letter U with diaeresis

Yacute Ý Ý Latin capital letter Y with acute

THORN Þ Þ Latin capital letter THORN

szlig ß ß Latin small letter sharp s

agrave à à Latin small letter a with grave

aacute á á Latin small letter a with acute

acirc â â Latin small letter a with circumflex

atilde ã ã Latin small letter a with tilde

auml ä ä Latin small letter a with diaeresis

aring å å Latin small letter a with ring above

aelig æ æ Latin small letter ae

ccedil ç ç Latin small letter c with cedilla

egrave è è Latin small letter e with grave

eacute é é Latin small letter e with acute

ecirc ê ê Latin small letter e with circumflex

euml ë ë Latin small letter e with diaeresis

igrave ì ì Latin small letter i with grave

iacute í í Latin small letter i with acute

icirc î î Latin small letter i with circumflex

iuml ï ï Latin small letter i with diaeresis

eth ð ð Latin small letter eth

ntilde ñ ñ Latin small letter n with tilde

ograve ò ò Latin small letter o with grave

oacute ó ó Latin small letter o with acute

ocirc ô ô Latin small letter o with circumflex

otilde õ õ Latin small letter o with tilde

ouml ö ö Latin small letter o with diaeresis

divide ÷ ÷ division sign

oslash ø ø Latin small letter o with stroke

ugrave ù ù Latin small letter u with grave

uacute ú ú Latin small letter u with acute

ucirc û û Latin small letter u with circumflex

uuml ü ü Latin small letter u with diaeresis

yacute ý ý Latin small letter y with acute

thorn þ þ Latin small letter thorn

yuml ÿ ÿ Latin small letter y with diaeresis

Mathematical Symbols, and Greek Letters

fnof ƒ ƒ Latin small f with hook = function

Alpha Α Α Greek capital letter alpha

Beta Β Β Greek capital letter beta

Gamma Γ Γ Greek capital letter gamma

Delta Δ Δ Greek capital letter delta

Epsilon Ε Ε Greek capital letter epsilon

Zeta Ζ Ζ Greek capital letter zeta

Eta Η Η Greek capital letter eta

Theta Θ Θ Greek capital letter theta

Iota Ι Ι Greek capital letter iota

Kappa Κ Κ Greek capital letter kappa

Lambda Λ Λ Greek capital letter lambda

Mu Μ Μ Greek capital letter mu

Nu Ν Ν Greek capital letter nu

Xi Ξ Ξ Greek capital letter xi

Omicron Ο Ο Greek capital letter omicron

Pi Π Π Greek capital letter pi

Rho Ρ Ρ Greek capital letter rho

Sigma Σ Σ Greek capital letter sigma

Tau Τ Τ Greek capital letter tau

Upsilon Υ Υ Greek capital letter upsilon

Phi Φ Φ Greek capital letter phi

Chi Χ Χ Greek capital letter chi

Psi Ψ Ψ Greek capital letter psi

Omega Ω Ω Greek capital letter omega

alpha α α Greek small letter alpha

beta β β Greek small letter beta

gamma γ γ Greek small letter gamma

delta δ δ Greek small letter delta

epsilon ε ε Greek small letter epsilon

zeta ζ ζ Greek small letter zeta

eta η η Greek small letter eta

theta θ θ Greek small letter theta

iota ι ι Greek small letter iota

kappa κ κ Greek small letter kappa

lambda λ λ Greek small letter lambda

mu μ μ Greek small letter mu

nu ν ν Greek small letter nu

xi ξ ξ Greek small letter xi

omicron ο ο Greek small letter omicron

pi π π Greek small letter pi

rho ρ ρ Greek small letter rho

sigmaf ς ς Greek small letter final sigma

sigma σ σ Greek small letter sigma

tau τ τ Greek small letter tau

upsilon υ υ Greek small letter upsilon

phi φ φ Greek small letter phi

chi χ χ Greek small letter chi

psi ψ ψ Greek small letter psi

omega ω ω Greek small letter omega

thetasym ϑ ϑ Greek small letter theta symbol

upsih ϒ ϒ Greek upsilon with hook symbol

piv ϖ ϖ Greek pi symbol

bull • • bullet = black small circle

hellip … … horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader

prime ′ ′ prime = minutes = feet

Prime ″ ″ double prime = seconds = inches

oline ‾ ‾ overline = spacing overscore

frasl ⁄ ⁄ fraction slash

weierp ℘ ℘ script capital P = power set

image ℑ ℑ Blackletter capital I = imaginary part

real ℜ ℜ Blackletter capital R = real part symbol

trade ™ ™ trade mark sign

alefsym ℵ ℵ alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal

larr ← ← leftwards arrow

uarr ↑ ↑ upwards arrow

rarr → → rightwards arrow

darr ↓ ↓ downwards arrow

harr ↔ ↔ left right arrow

crarr ↵ ↵ downwards arrow with corner leftwards

lArr ⇐ ⇐ leftwards double arrow

uArr ⇑ ⇑ upwards double arrow

rArr ⇒ ⇒ rightwards double arrow

dArr ⇓ ⇓ downwards double arrow

hArr ⇔ ⇔ left right double arrow

forall ∀ ∀ for all

part ∂ ∂ partial differential

exist ∃ ∃ there exists

empty ∅ ∅ empty set = null set = diameter

nabla ∇ ∇ nabla = backward difference

isin ∈ ∈ element of

notin ∉ ∉ not an element of

ni ∋ ∋ contains as member

prod ∏ ∏ product = product sign

sum ∑ ∑ summation

minus − − minus sign

lowast ∗ ∗ asterisk operator

radic √ √ square root = radical sign

prop ∝ ∝ proportional to

infin ∞ ∞ infinity

ang ∠ ∠ angle

and ∧ ∧ logical and = wedge

or ∨ ∨ logical or = vee

cap ∩ ∩ intersection = cap

cup ∪ ∪ union = cup

int ∫ ∫ integral

there4 ∴ ∴ therefore

sim ∼ ∼ tilde operator = varies with = similar to

cong ≅ ≅ approximately equal to

asymp ≈ ≈ almost equal to = asymptotic to

ne ≠ ≠ not equal to

equiv ≡ ≡ identical to

le ≤ ≤ less-than or equal to

ge ≥ ≥ greater-than or equal to

sub ⊂ ⊂ subset of

sup ⊃ ⊃ superset of

nsub ⊄ ⊄ not a subset of

sube ⊆ ⊆ subset of or equal to

supe ⊇ ⊇ superset of or equal to

oplus ⊕ ⊕ circled plus = direct sum

otimes ⊗ ⊗ circled times = vector product

perp ⊥ ⊥ up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular

sdot ⋅ ⋅ dot operator

lceil ⌈ ⌈ left ceiling = upstile

rceil ⌉ ⌉ right ceiling

lfloor ⌊ ⌊ left floor

rfloor ⌋ ⌋ right floor

lang 〈 〈 left-pointing angle bracket

rang 〉 〉 right-pointing angle bracket

loz ◊ ◊ lozenge

spades ♠ ♠ black spade suit

clubs ♣ ♣ black club suit = shamrock

hearts ♥ ♥ black heart suit = valentine

diams ♦ ♦ black diamond suit

Markup-significant and Internationalisation Characters

quot " " quotation mark = APL quote

amp & & ampersand

lt < < less-than sign

gt > > greater-than sign

OElig Œ Œ Latin capital ligature OE

oelig œ œ Latin small ligature oe

Scaron Š Š Latin capital letter S with caron

scaron š š Latin small letter s with caron

Yuml Ÿ Ÿ Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis

circ ˆ ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent

tilde ˜ ˜ small tilde

ensp en space

emsp em space

thinsp thin space

zwnj ‌ ‌ zero width non-joiner

zwj ‍ ‍ zero width joiner

lrm ‎ ‎ left-to-right mark

rlm ‏ ‏ right-to-left mark

ndash – – en dash

mdash — — em dash

lsquo ‘ ‘ left single quotation mark

rsquo ’ ’ right single quotation mark

sbquo ‚ ‚ single low-9 quotation mark

ldquo “ “ left double quotation mark

rdquo ” ” right double quotation mark

bdquo „ „ double low-9 quotation mark

dagger † † dagger

Dagger ‡ ‡ double dagger

permil ‰ ‰ per thousand sign

lsaquo ‹ ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark

rsaquo › › single right-pointing angle quotation mark

euro € € euro sign

The Lab Book Pages

Symbol Reference

Using Symbols

ISO 8859-1 Characters

Mathematical Symbols, and Greek Letters

Markup-significant and Internationalisation Characters